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Post by wren on Oct 27, 2006 10:28:56 GMT -5
For pronunciation guide, click here www.taic.btinternet.co.uk/fuaimean.htmThe Present Tense of the Verb TO BE Like all verbs in Gàidhlig there is only one form for all persons. For a positive statement in the present tense this is Tha. Just add the subject to it, either a pronoun or a noun. The pronouns combine with the verb Tha as follows : Tha mi - I am Tha sinn - we are Tha thu - you are Tha sibh - you are Tha e - he is Tha iad - they are Tha i - she is Sibh - You, plural. Also singular for formal situations as a mark of respect Thu - You, singular only. Informal form. Similarly with nouns : Tha am fear .. - The man is .. Tha an là .. - The day is .. Adjectives Adjectives can be used following the verb To Be. The adjective is the same for all subjects : Feminine subject Tha i fuar - She is cold Plural subject Tha iad fuar - They are cold Masculine subject Tha Calum fuar - Calum is cold NEW WORDS Adjectives beag - small blàth - warm fliuch - wet fuar - cold leisg - lazy, reluctant, loath mòr - big, large sgìth - tired tioram - dry trang - busy snog - nice toilichte - pleased, happy Nouns là - day fear - male, man Pronouns mi - I, me sinn - we, us thu - you (singular, familiar) sibh - you (plural, formal) e - he, him, it i - she, her, it iad - they, them EXERCISE 1 Translate into English 1.Tha mi sgìth 2.Tha iad trang 3.Tha i fuar 4.Tha iad blàth 5.Tha sinn leisg 6.Tha sibh tioram When you select the icon after an exercise you will be taken to the corresponding answers on this page EXERCISE 2 Translate into Gàidhlig 1.We are cold 2.You are small 3.They are big 4.I am lazy 5.He is busy 6.She is tired 2. A bhith - To be All verbs have what is known as an independent form; for the verb To Be this is Tha, which as you saw above is used to form positive statements. All verbs have another form, the dependent; this is used to form the negative statement and interrogatives (question forms). For the present tense of the verb To Be : independent - tha dependent - bheil Tha for positive statements: Tha e fuar - It is cold Chan eil for negative statements: Chan eil e fuar - It is not cold A bheil? for asking a question (interrogative)*: A bheil e fuar? - Is it cold? Nach eil? for a negative question (negative interrogative): Nach eil e fuar? - Is it not cold? * In addition you will also find the form Am bheil? and in spoken Gàidhlig both are frequently contracted to Eil? This is the form always used for a negative statement and question. EXERCISE 3 Translate into English 1.A bheil thu sgìth? 2.Nach eil i fliuch? 3.Chan eil iad trang 4.Chan eil sinn fuar 5.Nach eil iad leisg? 6.A bheil sibh fuar? EXERCISE 4 Translate into Gàidhlig 1.I am not cold 2.Are you warm? 3.Are you not warm? 4.Is she tired? 5.Are they pleased? 6.Isn't she nice? 7.He isn't dry 8.We aren't lazy ANSWERS EXERCISE 1 1.I am tired 2.They are busy 3.She/it is cold 4.They are warm 5.We are lazy 6.You are dry When you select the icon after looking at the answers you will be taken back to the corresponding exercise on this page ANSWERS EXERCISE 2 1.Tha sinn fuar 2.Tha thu/sibh beag 3.Tha iad mòr 4.Tha mi leisg 5.Tha e trang 6.Tha i sgìth ANSWERS EXERCISE 3 1.Are you tired? 2.Isn't she wet? 3.They aren't busy 4.We aren't cold 5.Aren't they lazy? 6.Are you cold? ANSWERS EXERCISE 4 1.Chan eil mi fuar 2.A bheil thu/sibh blàth? 3.Nach eil thu/sibh blàth? 4.A bheil i sgìth? 5.A bheil iad toilichte? 6.Nach eil i snog? 7.Chan eil e tioram 8.Chan eil sinn leisg
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Post by wren on Oct 27, 2006 10:30:34 GMT -5
1. Some Simple Adverbs
The adjective uabhasach - terrible / awful is often used to convey the meaning very when used with another adjective : Tha e uabhasach mòr - He is awfully big Tha e uabhasach fliuch - It is terribly wet
Similarly the words glè - very and ro - too are used with adjectives to emphasise qualities. The two words glè and ro lenite* the following adjective whenever possible : Tha iad glè mhòr - They are very big Tha e ro fhuar - It is too cold
* As you can see lenition means the introduction of a letter h after the first letter of the adjective. This always results in a slight change in sound at the beginning of the adjective.
However, words beginning with l, n, r, sg, sp, st or a vowel cannot be lenited in their spelling. L, n and r are affected, but only in their pronunciation.
Another useful little word is cho - so. It is used like glè and ro, but luckily you do not have to worry about leniting the next word : Tha thu cho snog - You are so nice
NEW WORDS
Adjectives àrd - tall, high uabhasach - terrible, awful, very
Adverbs cho - so glè - very ro - too, excessively
Conjunctions ach - but agus - and
EXERCISE 1 Translate into English 1.Tha am fear glè thrang 2.Tha an là glè fhliuch 3.Nach eil am fear àrd? 4.A bheil i ro fhuar? 5.A bheil thu uabhasach sgìth? 6.Tha e ro bheag 7.Tha sin uabhasach 8.Tha mi fuar agus fliuch
EXERCISE 2 Translate into Gàidhlig 1.I am so cold 2.The man is very lazy 3.Isn't she awful? 4.We are too tired 5.They're not very wet 6.He isn't too pleased 7.She isn't wet but she is cold 8.They're not so nice
2. Past Tense of the Verb TO BE
The independent form is Bha, the dependent form is Robh. Like the present tense these are used to provide the four distinct forms of the past tense of the verb To Be: Bha for positive statements: Bha e fuar - It was cold Cha robh for negative statements: Cha robh e fuar - It was not cold An robh? for asking a question (interrogative): An robh e fuar? - Was it cold? Nach robh? for a negative question (negative interrogative): Nach robh e fuar? - Wasn't it cold?
Saying Yes and No Gàidhlig has no single word for yes or no. The positive or negative forms of the verb need to be used in responding to a question.
In the present tense: A bheil thu fliuch? - Are you wet? Chan eil - No Tha - Yes Nach eil iad àrd - Aren't they tall? Chan eil - No Tha - Yes
In the past tense: An robh sibh trang? - Were you busy? Cha robh - No Bha - Yes Nach robh i leisg? - Wasn't she lazy? Cha robh - No Bha - Yes
EXERCISE 3 Translate into English 1.Bha iad glè thoilichte 2.Cha robh i ro shnog 3.An robh iad sgìth? Cha robh 4.A bheil i tioram? Tha 5.Nach robh am fear leisg? 6.Bha iad trang agus toilichte 7.Bha an là fliuch ach blàth 8.An robh thu blàth? Bha 9.Nach eil iad snog? Chan eil
EXERCISE 4 Translate into Gàidhlig 1.The man wasn't tired 2.Aren't you warm? No 3.Wasn't she very wet? Yes 4.Am I not nice? Yes 5.She wasn't busy, she is lazy 6.He was too tall 7.We were very pleased 8.The day wasn't so warm 9.They weren't terribly pleased, were they? No
ANSWERS EXERCISE 1 1.The man is very busy 2.The day is very wet 3.Isn't the man tall? 4.Is it/she too cold? 5.Are you terribly tired? 6.It/he is too small 7.That's awful 8.I am cold and wet
ANSWERS EXERCISE 2 1.Tha mi cho fuar 2.Tha am fear glè leisg 3.Nach eil i uabhasach? 4.Tha sinn ro sgìth 5.Chan eil iad glè fhliuch 6.Chan eil e cho toilichte 7.Chan eil i fliuch, ach tha i fuar 8.Chan eil iad cho snog
ANSWERS EXERCISE 3 1.They were very pleased 2.She wasn't too nice 3.Were they tired? No 4.Is it/she dry? Yes 5.Wasn't the man lazy? 6.They were busy and content 7.The day was wet but warm 8.Were you warm? Yes 9.Aren't they nice? No
ANSWERS EXERCISE 4 1.Cha robh am fear sgìth 2.Nach eil thu/sibh blàth? Chan eil 3.Nach robh i glè fhliuch? Bha 4.Nach eil mi snog? Tha 5.Cha robh i trang, tha i leisg 6.Bha e ro àrd 7.Bha sinn glè thoilichte 8.Cha robh an là cho blàth 9.Cha robh iad uabhasach toilichte, an robh? Cha robh
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Post by wren on Oct 27, 2006 10:32:26 GMT -5
The Nominative Case of Nouns
This is the basic form used when the noun is either the subject or the direct object in a sentence. E.g. in English: boy as subject The boy is cold boy as direct object I saw the boy
There is no word for a or an in Gàidhlig. All indefinite nouns are simply entered without an article. Nouns are considered to be either masculine or feminine, you will see these in the NEW WORDS and Vocabulary sections as either (m) or (f) respectively: doras (m) - door eaglais (f) - church balach (m) - boy leabaidh (f) - bed taigh (m) - house caileag (f) - girl
Masculine Nouns The masculine nominative nouns have the definite article as an t- before a vowel; am before words beginning with b, f, m, or p; and an in all other instances: An t-òran ‡ - The song An t-each ‡ - The horse Am balach - The boy Am peann - The pen An duine - The man An seòmar - The room
‡ The omission of the initial t- is not uncommon in colloquial speech
Feminine Nouns Feminine nominative nouns beginning with b, f, m, p, c or g are all lenited with the definite article a' (or an with lenited f). Words beginning with sl, sn, sr or s+vowel have the definite article as an t-. In all other instances the definite article is an: A' chaileag - The girl An fhearg - The anger An t-snàthad - The needle An t-sìth - The peace An abhainn - The river An litir - The letter
The good news is that all nominative nouns, whether masculine or feminine, beginning with d, t, l, n, r, sg, sm, sp or st all have their definite articles as an: An leabhar (m) - The book An làmh (f) - The hand An sgàthan (m) - The mirror An sgian (f) - The knife An nead (m) - The nest An nighean (f) - The daughter
Plurals The nominative plural definite article in all cases is na: Na taighean (m) - The houses Na caileagan (f) - The girls
Don't worry too much just now about the plurals. Remember you can find the other forms of the nouns in the section
NEW WORDS
Adjectives falamh - empty geur - sharp glan - clean ìosal - low salach - dirty teth - hot
Nouns balach (m) - boy bàta (m) - boat doras (m) - door duine (m) - person, husband each (m) - horse gille (m) - lad làr (m) - floor leabhar (m) - book loch (m) - loch nead (m) - nest òran (m) - song peann (m) - pen rathad (m) - road seòmar (m) - room sgàthan (m) - mirror taigh (m) - house teine (m) - fire abhainn (f) - river caileag (f) - girl eaglais (f)- church fearg (f) - anger làmh (f) - hand leabaidh (f) - bed litir (f) - letter nighean (f) - girl, daughter oidhche (f) - night sgian (f) - knife sgoil (f) - school sìth (f) - peace snàthad (f) - needle
EXERCISE 1 Translate into English 1.Chan eil an sgoil glè ghlan 2.Tha an eaglais fuar 3.An robh an sgian geur? Cha robh 4.A bheil an litir mòr? Chan eil 5.Tha am peann tioram 6.Nach eil an loch ìosal? Tha 7.Tha an snàthad glè gheur 8.Bha an nead falamh 9.A bheil an seòmar blàth? Chan eil 10.Cha robh an t-òran snog
EXERCISE 2 Translate into Gàidhlig 1.Was the book small? No 2.The lad is terribly tired 3.Is the door dry? 4.The floor wasn't wet 5.The mirror isn't clean 6.The peace was nice (good) 7.Wasn't the house empty? Yes 8.The fire was hot 9.The hand was wet 10.Isn't the night cold? Yes 11.The bed wasn't clean 12.The girl wasn't too happy 13.The anger was great
ANSWERS EXERCISE 1 1.The school isn't very clean 2.The church is cold 3.Was the knife sharp? No 4.Is the letter big? No 5.The pen is dry 6.Isn't the loch low? Yes 7.The needle is very sharp 8.The nest was empty 9.Is the room warm? No 10.The song wasn't nice
ANSWERS EXERCISE 2 1.An robh an leabhar beag? Cha robh 2.Tha an gille uabhasach sgìth 3.A bheil an doras tioram? 4.Cha robh an làr fliuch 5.Chan eil an sgàthan glan 6.Bha an t-sìth math 7.Nach robh an taigh falamh? Bha 8.Bha an teine teth 9.Bha an làmh fliuch 10.Nach eil an oidhche fuar? Tha 11.Cha robh an leabaidh glan 12.Cha robh a' chaileag ro thoilichte 13.Bha an fhearg mòr
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Post by wren on Oct 27, 2006 10:33:36 GMT -5
Introduction to Adjectives
You saw in that adjectives can be used predicately, following the verb To Be. The adjective never changes in this situation : Masculine noun Tha am balach beag - The boy is small Feminine noun Tha a' chaileag beag - The girl is small Plural nouns Tha na balaich beag - The boys are small Tha na caileagan beag - the girls are small
However, an adjective must agree in both case and gender with the noun it directly describes. This is called the attribute position. For nominative (basic) forms of nouns these are as follows : Masculine singular (no change in adjective) Gille mòr - A big lad An gille mòr - The big lad Feminine singular (lenite adjective if possible) † Caileag mhòr - A big girl A' chaileag mhòr - The big girl Plural nouns (add -a or -e to adjective) * Gillean mòra - Big lads Na gillean mòra - The big lads Caileagan mòra - Big girls Na caileagan mòra - The big girls
† All adjectives with initial consonant quality can be lenited except those beginning with l, n, r, sg, sm, sp or st. For example, caileag mhòr, caileag bheag but caileag sgìth. * The ending follows the Gàidhlig spelling rule. For example, if a syllable ends in a narrow vowel (i.e. i or e) then the following syllable must begin with a narrow vowel. Similarly if a syllable ends in a broad vowel (i.e. a, o or u) then the following syllable must begin with a broad vowel. Hence mòr >> mòra, glic (wise) >> glice .
The adjectives seo - this / these and sin - that / those never change in any position : Masculine an gille seo - this lad an gille mòr seo - this big lad na gillean seo - these lads na gillean mòra seo - these big lads an gille sin - that lad an gille mòr sin - that big lad na gillean sin - those lads na gillean mòra sin - those big lads Feminine a' chaileag seo - this girl a' chaileag bheag seo - this small girl na caileagan seo - these girls na caileagan beaga seo - these small girls a' chaileag sin - that girl a' chaileag bheag sin - that small girl na caileagan sin - those girls na caileagan beaga sin - those small girls
As nouns have either masculine or feminine gender in Gàidhlig. So when you want to describe something using its pronoun you must refer to it by either e or i for masculine and feminine nouns respectively. Both mean it : Masculine pronoun Tha an seòmar fuar - The room is cold Tha e fuar - It is cold Feminine pronoun Tha an eaglais fuar - The church is cold Tha i fuar - It is cold
NEW WORDS
Adjectives dearg - red dona - bad fada - long goirid - short gorm - blue, verdant green, bruised black & blue math - good inntinneach - interesting seo - this sin - that tinn - ill, sick ùr - new
Pronouns e - it (masculine subject) i - it (feminine subject)
EXERCISE 1 Translate into English 1.Chan eil an sgoil mhòr cho glan 2.Tha an eaglais bheag làn 3.An robh an sgian ùr geur? Cha robh 4.Bha am peann gorm tioram 5.Tha an litir seo inntinneach 6.Bha an taigh sin falamh 7.Tha an snàthad gheur salach 8.Tha an gille dona sin leisg 9.An robh an seòmar beag blàth? Cha robh 10.Cha robh a' chaileag bheag tinn
EXERCISE 2 Translate into Gàidhlig 1.Was the small book wet? No 2.The long river was very dirty 3.Was the new door dry? 4.The short floor was wet 5.That dirty mirror isn't new 6.The long peace was good 7.Was the house not empty? Yes 8.The hot fire was very good 9.That red hand is wet 10.The long night was cold 11.The blue boat isn't full 12.The bad girl wasn't pleased 13.That man is dry and warm 14.That long loch was high
ANSWERS EXERCISE 1 1.The big school isn't so clean 2.The small church is full 3.Was the new knife sharp? No 4.The blue pen was dry 5.This letter is interesting 6.That house was empty 7.The sharp needle is dirty 8.That bad lad is lazy 9.Was the small room warm? No 10.The little girl wasn't ill
ANSWERS EXERCISE 2 1.An robh an leabhar beag fliuch? Cha robh 2.Bha an abhainn fhada glè shalach 3.An robh an doras ùr tioram? 4.Bha an làr goirid fliuch 5.Chan eil an sgàthan salach sin ùr 6.Bha an t-sìth fhada math 7.Nach robh an taigh falamh? Bha 8.Bha an teine teth glè mhath 9.Tha an làmh dhearg sin fliuch 10.Bha an oidhche fhada fuar 11.Chan eil am bàta gorm làn 12.Cha robh a' chaileag dhona toilichte 13.Tha am fear sin tioram agus blàth 14.Bha an loch fada sin àrd
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Post by wren on Oct 27, 2006 10:39:05 GMT -5
Introduction to the Simple Prepositions
To help recognise trends the Simple Prepositions are best placed into distinct groups :
Group1 aig - at aig doras - at a door aig an doras - at the door air - on air leabaidh - on a bed air an leabaidh - on the bed gun - without gun chù - without a dog * gun an cù - without the dog mar - as, like mar dhuine - like a man * mar an duine - like the man
* mar and gun lenite indefinite nouns except those beginning with l, n, r, sg, sm, sp or st. (You probably recognise these exceptions from ).
Group2 These prepositions all lenite an indefinite noun except those beginning with l, n, r, sg, sm, sp or st. All combine with the singular definite article an. The definite article an loses its initial a; e.g. bho + an >> bhon bho / o - from bho leabhar / o leabhar - from a book bhon leabhar / on leabhar - from the book de - of, off de theine - of fire den teine * - of the fire dha / do - to dha taigh / do thaigh † - to a house dhan taigh / don taigh - to the house fo - under, below fo thruinnsear - under a plate fon truinnsear - under the plate mu - about mu dhealbh - about a picture mun dealbh - about the picture ro - before ro thubaist - before a accident ron tubaist - before the accident tro - through tro dhoras - through a door tron doras - through the door
* den often appears as dhen in both the spoken and written language † dha does not lenite the following indefinite noun. do is the preferred preposition with the indefinite noun
do has the special reduced form a (a dh' before a vowel) when used before placenames: a Ghlaschu - to Glasgow a dh'Inbhir Nis - to Inverness
Group3 These prepositions have separate forms for definite and indefinite nouns. The prepositions assume a final s before definite articles. à (às - with definite noun) - from, out of à taigh - out of a house às an taigh - out of the house ann an (anns - with definite noun) - in ann an leabaidh - in a bed ann am bàta - in a boat * anns an leabaidh - in the bed gu (also: gus - with definite noun) - to, until gu taigh - to a house gun taigh (also: gus an taigh) - to the house le (leis - with definite noun) - with, by le leabhar - with a book leis an leabhar - with the book ri (ris - with definite noun) - to, at, against ri sgàthan - against a mirror ris an sgàthan - against the mirror
* Use ann am for nouns beginning with b, f, m or p
Simple prepositions are often the second element in a complex preposition. The first element never changes in this group : faisg air leabhar - near a book faisg air an leabhar - near the book
An Idiomatic Use of ann One important idiomatic use of ann is where it denotes presence or existence or when something is happening : Tha Calum ann - Calum is present / Calum is here Bha mi ann? - I was present / I was there Tha cèilidh ann a-nochd - There is a ceilidh on tonight
NEW WORDS
Conjunctions ach - however
Nouns cù (m) - dog dealbh (m) - picture rùm (m) - room, free space taigh-òsta (m) - hotel truinnsear (m) - plate sgeilp (f) - shelf sgeul (f) - story tubaist (f) - accident toit (f) - smoke
Placenames Dùn Èideann - Edinburgh Glaschu - Glasgow Inbhir Nis - Inverness Steòrnabhagh - Stornoway
Prepositions à (às - with a definite noun ) - from (place), out of aig - at air - on ann an (anns - with a definite noun ) - in bho /o - from dha / do - to de - of, off fo - under, below gu (gus - with a definite noun ) - to, until gun - without le (leis - with a definite noun ) - with, by mar - as, like mu - about ri (ris - with a definite noun ) - at, against ro - before tro - through còmhla ri(s) - together with cuide ri(s) - together with faisg air - near seachad air - past thairis air - across
EXERCISE 1 Translate into English 1.An robh thu anns an eaglais? 2.Tha an gille anns an rùm 3.Cha robh duine aig an doras 4.A bheil thu aig an sgoil? Tha 5.Bha i tinn agus cha robh i aig an sgoil 6.Tha mi glè bhlàth faisg air an teine 7.Bha iad ris an doras 8.Bha sinn ri sgeilp 9.Nach robh sibh air an leabaidh? 10.Tha e à Inbhir Nis 11.Bha iad bhon taigh tron oidhche 12.Nach eil an cù fon leabaidh? 13.Bha i còmhla ris an duine 14.Tha a' chaileag air an làr cuide ri cù 15.Bha leabhar ann
EXERCISE 2 Translate into Gàidhlig 1.The man is busy on the road 2.There is a girl in a boat on the river 3.He is from Stornoway 4.She was in school however he was not 5.Are they not from Edinburgh?, No 6.She is from Glasgow and he is from Edinburgh 7.They were in the hotel, however I was at home 8.We weren't very hot at the fire 9.There is a letter from that girl (nighean) 10.He was in the picture of that story 11.The room was dirty with the smoke 12.The boy was in the house 13.There isn't an empty room in this house
ANSWERS EXERCISE 1 1.Were you in (the) church? 2.The boy is in the room 3.There was no-one (a man) at the door 4.Are you at (the) school? Yes 5.She was ill and wasn't at school 6.I am very warm near the fire 7.They were at (against) the door 8.We were at(against) a shelf 9.Were you not on the bed? 10.He is from Inverness 11.They were (away) from home through the night 12.Is the dog not under the bed? 13.She was (along) with the man 14.The girl is on the floor (together) with a dog 15.There was a book there
ANSWERS EXERCISE 2 1.Tha am fear trang air an rathad 2.Tha caileag ann am bàta air an abhainn 3.Tha e à Steòrnabhagh 4.Bha i anns an sgoil ach cha robh e 5.Nach eil iad à Dùn Èideann? Chan eil 6.Tha i à Glaschu agus tha e à Dùn Èideann 7.Bha iad anns an taigh-òsta, ach bha mi aig an taigh 8.Cha robh sinn glè theth aig an teine 9.Tha litir ann bhon nighean sin 10.Bha e anns an dealbh den sgeul sin 11.Bha an seòmar salach leis an toit 12.Bha am balach anns an taigh 13.Chan eil rùm falamh anns an taigh seo
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Post by wren on Oct 27, 2006 10:43:28 GMT -5
The Dative Case of Nouns
The Dative Case is the form of a noun found after the simple prepositions
Features in Common with the Nominative Case
Dative plural nouns are identical to nominative plural nouns, and the plural definite article remains na : Masculine plural nouns balaich - boys na balaich - the boys le balaich - with boys leis na balaich - with the boys Feminine plural nouns bùthan - shops na bùthan - the shops ann am bùthan - in shops anns na bùthan - in the shops
The Dative Singular Case of Masculine Nouns
The Indefinite Noun The dative indefinite noun is identical to the nominative indefinite noun : Nominative Indefinite Singular Dative Indefinite Singular bòrd - table air bòrd - on a table leabhar - book le leabhar - with a book
The Definite Noun The masculine dative singular noun undergoes identical initial changes as the feminine nominative singular definite nouns (see ).
The definite article of nouns beginning with d, t, l, n, r, sg, sm, sp or st is identical to the nominative definite nouns. Combined forms of the definite article with the simple prepositions bho, de, do, fo, mu, ro and tro are maintained (see ) : Nominative Definite Singular Dative Definite Singular an doras - the door tron doras - through the door an sgoilear - the pupil leis an sgoilear - with the pupil an taigh - the house aig an taigh - at the house
The definite article of dative nouns beginning with a vowel drop the t- of the nominative definite article. Combined forms of the definite article with the simple prepositions bho, de, do, fo, mu, ro and tro are maintained (see ) : Nominative Definite Singular Dative Definite Singular an t-òran - the song leis an òran - with the song an t-ùrlar - the floor fon ùrlar - under the floor
Dative nouns beginning with sl, sn, sr or s+vowel have t- added to the definite article. Combined forms of the definite article with the simple prepositions bho, de, do, fo, mu, ro and tro are maintained (see ) : Nominative Definite Singular Dative Definite Singular an seòl - the sail air an t-seòl - on the sail an seòmar - the room anns an t-seòmar - in the room an sneachd - the snow leis an t-sneachd - with the snow an saoghal - the world mun t-saoghal - about the world
Nouns beginning with b, f, m, p, c or g all lenite in the dative. Combined forms of the definite article with the simple prepositions bho, de, do, fo, mu, ro and tro are maintained (see ), but with all other simple prepositions the definite changes to a' except for nouns beginning with f : Nominative Definite Singular Dative Definite Singular am bòrd - the table air a' bhòrd - on the table fon bhòrd - under the table am feasgar - the evening anns an fheasgar - in the evening den fheasgar - of the evening am monadh - the moor air a' mhonadh - on the moor dhan mhonadh - to the moor am pàipear - the paper anns a' phàipear - in the paper bhon phàipear an cù - the dog air a' chù - on the dog mun chù - about the dog an gille - the boy ris a' ghille - to the boy ron ghille - before the boy
NEW WORDS
Adjectives bòidheach - beautiful brèagha - lovely ciùin - calm donn - brown luath - fast mall - slow stoirmeil - stormy uaine - green
Nouns achadh (m) - field allt (m) - burn (stream) aran (m) - bread baile (m) - town bainne (m) - milk bogsa (m) - box bòrd (m) - table cèilidh (m) - ceilidh cladach (m) - shore cnoc (m) - hill falt (m) - hair feasgar (m) - evening feur (m) - grass fiadh (m) - deer gleann (m) - glen gual (m) - coal iasg (m) - fish ìm (m) - butter monadh (m) - moor, mountain òran (m) - song pàipear (m) - paper ròn (m) -seal saoghal (m) - world seòl (m) - sail sgoilear (m) - pupil, scholar sneachd (m) - snow sruth (m) - stream uisge (m) -water ùrlar (m) - floor
EXERCISE 1 Translate into English 1.Tha caileag bhòidheach anns a' phàipear ann 2.Tha an cù donn beag ann fon bhòrd sin 3.An robh sibh air a' mhonadh? Bha 4.Tha an t-ìm air an aran glè mhath 5.Bha ròn ann air a' chladach 6.Tha an gleann sin brèagha air là ciùin 7.Bha e uabhasach stoirmeil anns an fheasgar 8.Chan eil uisge ann anns an t-sruth 9.Tha teine math teth ann bhon ghual seo 10.An robh e luath leis an t-seòl? 11.Bha sìth ann tron t-saoghal 12.Tha am bainne bhon fhiadh sin uabhasach math? 13.Nach eil aran ùr anns a' bhogsa ann? Tha 14.Bha an duine, leis a' chù, cho mall air a' chnoc 15.Tha taigh ann thairis air an t-sruth
EXERCISE 2 Translate into Gàidhlig 1.The dog is in the box under the table 2.There is (some) coal in the stream 3.Brown hair is very beautiful? 4.I was on the road to the town 5.A day on the moor is good for you(dhut) 6.The floor was wet with water 7.There is green grass in the field 8.The new house is near the fast burn 9.The shore is past the moor 10.Are they not going to the ceilidh in the town? No 11.There are no fish in the burn (There is not a fish in the burn) 12.The table in that room is very nice 13.There was water under the table 14.The boat was under sail 15.There was a seal in the water, and on the shore
ANSWERS EXERCISE 1 1.There is a beautiful girl in the paper 2.The small brown dog is under that table 3.Were you on the moor? Yes 4.The butter on the bread is very good 5.There was a seal on the shore 6.That glen is lovely on a calm day 7.It was really stormy in the evening 8.There is no water in the stream 9.There is a good hot fire from this coal 10.Was he quick with the sail? 11.There was peace through(out) the world 12.The milk from that deer is very good? 13.Isn't there fresh bread in the box? Yes 14.The man, with the dog, was so slow on the hill 15.There is a house there over the stream
ANSWERS EXERCISE 2 1.Tha an cù anns a' bhogsa fon bhòrd 2.Tha gual ann anns an t-sruth 3.Tha falt donn glè bhòidheach? 4.Bha mi air an rathad dhan bhaile 5.Tha là air a' mhonadh math dhut 6.Bha an làr fliuch le uisge 7.Tha feur gorm ann anns an achadh 8.Tha an taigh ùr faisg air an allt luath 9.Tha an cladach seachad air a' mhonadh 10.Nach eil iad a' dol dhan chèilidh anns a' bhaile? Chan eil 11.Chan eil iasg anns an allt ann 12.Tha am bòrd anns an t-seòmar sin glè shnog 13.Bha uisge ann fon bhòrd 14.Bha am bàta fo sheòl 15.Bha ròn ann anns an uisge, agus air a' chladach
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Post by wren on Oct 27, 2006 10:50:01 GMT -5
The Dative Singular Case of Feminine Nouns
Features in Common with the Nominative Singular Nouns The definite article and definite nouns are identical to nominative singular definite nouns (see ).
Features in Common with the Dative Singular Masculine Nouns Combined forms of the definite article with the simple prepositions ending in a vowel bho, de, do, fo, mu, ro and tro are identical to dative singular masculine nouns (see ).
Additional Features of Dative Singular Feminine Nouns Additionally, feminine dative singular nouns show a variety of internal modifications. These changes are the same for both definite and indefinite feminine singular nouns. The general principle is to make the final vowel of a word narrow, i.e. an i. This practice is known as slenderisation.
In spoken Gàidhlig the internal modifications of the dative singular are frequently not used; the nominative form sufficing, particularly when the noun is indefinite. However, they are used in formal speech and show less erosion in the written language.
To help you recognise the changes they are best placed into distinct types. The nominative definite singular noun is given as a reference point.
Type 1 In monosyllabic nouns a letter i is inserted after the last broad vowel after a change in the final broad vowel Most common changes are a >> oi and o >> ui : Nominative Definite Singular - Dative Definite Singular - Dative Indefinite Singular a' chas - the leg air a' chois - on the leg air cois - on a leg an long - the ship air an luing - on the ship air luing - on a ship
Type 2 In both mono- and polysyllabic nouns a letter i is inserted after the broad vowel a : Nominative Definite Singular - Dative Definite Singular - Dative Indefinite Singular an làmh - the hand air an làimh - on the hand air làimh - on a hand a' mharag - the pudding leis a' mharaig - with the pudding le maraig - with a pudding an tòn - the rump air an tòin - on the rump air tòin - on a rump
Type 3 In polysyllabic nouns the final vowel group ea will change to ei Most common change is the ending -eag >> -eig : Nominative Definite Singular - Dative Definite Singular - Dative Indefinite Singular a' chaileag - the girl aig a' chaileig - at the girl aig caileig - at a girl an uinneag - the window ris an uinneig - against the window ri uinneig - against a window
Type 4 The vowel group ea will change to i : Nominative Definite Singular - Dative Definite Singular - Dative Indefinite Singular a' chailleach - the old woman dhan chaillich - to the old woman do chaillich - to an old woman a' chearc - the hen fon chirc - under the hen fo chirc - under a hen
Type 5 In monosyllabic nouns the diphthong ia will change to èi : Nominative Definite Singular - Dative Definite Singular - Dative Indefinite Singular a' ghrian - the sun fon ghrèin - under the sun fo ghrèin - under a sun
Type 6 In monosyllabic nouns the diphthong ìo will change to i : Nominative Definite Singular - Dative Definite Singular - Dative Indefinite Singular a' chrìoch - the boundary aig a' chrìch - at the boundary aig crìch - at a boundary
Type 7 There is no change when the noun ends in a vowel or -chd, or if the last vowel is already an i : Nominative Definite Singular - Dative Definite Singular - Dative Indefinite Singular a' chaora - the sheep fon chaora - under the sheep fo chaora - under a sheep an naidheachd - the news leis an naidheachd - with the news le naidheachd - with news a' chèilidh - the ceilidh aig a' chèilidh - at the ceilidh aig chèilidh - at a ceilidh
In a very few cases the dative is irregular or shows no change : Nominative Definite Singular - Dative Definite Singular - Dative Indefinite Singular a' bhùth - the shop anns a' bhùth - in the shop ann am bùth - in a shop a' bhean - the wife leis a' mhnaoi - with the wife le mnaoi - with a wife
NEW WORDS
Adjectives dubh - black geal - white olc - evil sàbhailte - safe
Conjunctions oir - for, because
Nouns The datives are given in this lesson. For others see the Vocabulary section bùth (f) - shop cailleach, caillich (f) - old woman caora (f) - sheep cas, cois (f) - leg,foot cearc, circ (f) - hen, chicken cèilidh (f) - ceilidh crìoch, crìch (f) - end, boundary feannag, feannaig (f) - crow fearg, feirg (f) - anger Gàdhlig (f) - Gàidhlig language grian, grèin (f) - sun làmh, làimh (f) - hand madainn (f) - morning muir (f) - sea naidheachd (f) - news poit (f) - pot sgeulachd (f) - story, tale slat, slait (f) - rod, wand sgiath, sgèith (f) - wing, shield sràid (f) - street tòn, tòin (f) - rump, backside ùine (f) - time, spell uinneag, uinneig (f) - window
EXERCISE 1 Translate into English (In brackets are common spoken forms. These should not be written) 1.Tha an litir seo dhan chaillich (dhan chailleach) 2.Bha a' ghrian blàth anns a' mhadainn 3.Nach robh iad aig a' mhuir tron oidhche? Bha 4.Bha i anns an leabaidh tron mhadainn 5.Bha sgeul mun chaileig (mun chaileag) sin anns an naidheachd 6.Tha a' Ghàidhlig glè inntinneach, nach eil? 7.Bha sgeulachd inntinneach anns an litir 8.Tha an nighean ris an uinneig (ris an uinneag) oir tha a' ghrian blàth 9.Bha slat fhada ùr ann anns a' bhùth 10.Tha bùth ùr ann air an t-sràid sin 11.Nach robh iad ùine fhada anns a' bhaile 12.Tha an sgeulachd ghoirid seo anns a' Ghàidhlig 13.Bha an cù donn air an fheur ris a' ghrèin (ris a' ghrian) 14.Bha sgiath dhonn air a' chirc (air a' chearc)
EXERCISE 2 Translate into Gàidhlig 1.The old woman was in the shop in the morning 2.She was at the shop along with the girl 3.The girl was safe under the shield 4.The evil hand was on the wand 5.I wasn't at the window in the morning 6.He was in bed through the night 7.He was red with anger 8.The chicken is in the pot 9.The black sheep (sing.) is very hot under the sun 10.Weren't you at the ceilidh? Yes, I was there a short spell 11.The dog was near the girl 12.Crows are black, but there is a white wing on that crow 13.The girl is wet because she was in the sea 14.The story was terrible at the end
ANSWERS EXERCISE 1 1.This letter is for the old woman 2.The sun was warm in the morning 3.Were they not at (the) sea through the night? Yes 4.She was in (the) bed during (through) the morning 5.There was a story about that girl in the news 6.Gàidhlig is very interesting, isn't it? 7.There was an interesting story in the letter 8.The girl is at the window because the sun is warm 9.There was new long (fishing) rod in the shop 10.There is a new shop on that street 11.Weren't they a long time in (the) town? 12.This short story is in Gàidhlig 13.The brown dog on the grass was (exposed) to the sun 14.The hen had a brown wing (lit. There was a brown wing on the hen)
ANSWERS EXERCISE 2 (In brackets are common spoken forms. These should not be written) 1.Bha a' chailleach anns a' bhùth anns a' mhadainn 2.Bha i aig a' bhùth còmhla ris a' chaileig (ris a' chaileag) 3.Bha a' chaileag sàbhailte fon sgèith (fon sgiath) 4.Bha an làmh olc air an t-slait (air an t-slat) 5.Cha robh mi aig an uinneig (aig an uinneag) anns a' mhadainn 6.Bha e anns an leabaidh tron oidhche 7.Bha e dearg le feirg (le fearg) 8.Tha a' chearc anns a' phoit 9.Tha a' chaora dhubh glè theth fon ghrèin (fon ghrian) 10.Nach robh thu ann aig a' chèilidh? Bha, bha mi ann ùine ghoirid 11.Bha an cù faisg air a' chaileig (air a' chaileag) 12.Tha feannagan dubh, ach tha sgiath gheal air an fheannaig sin (air an fheannag sin) 13.Tha an nighean fliuch oir bha i anns a' mhuir 14.Bha an sgeulachd uabhasach aig a' chrìch (aig a' chrìoch)
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Post by wren on Nov 10, 2006 14:44:41 GMT -5
The Dative Case is the form of a noun found after the simple prepositions
Features in Common with the Nominative Case
Dative plural nouns are identical to nominative plural nouns, and the plural definite article remains na : Masculine plural nouns balaich - boys na balaich - the boys le balaich - with boys leis na balaich - with the boys Feminine plural nouns bùthan - shops na bùthan - the shops ann am bùthan - in shops anns na bùthan - in the shops
The Dative Singular Case of Masculine Nouns
The Indefinite Noun The dative indefinite noun is identical to the nominative indefinite noun : Nominative Indefinite Singular Dative Indefinite Singular bòrd - table air bòrd - on a table leabhar - book le leabhar - with a book
The Definite Noun The masculine dative singular noun undergoes identical initial changes as the feminine nominative singular definite nouns (see ).
The definite article of nouns beginning with d, t, l, n, r, sg, sm, sp or st is identical to the nominative definite nouns. Combined forms of the definite article with the simple prepositions bho, de, do, fo, mu, ro and tro are maintained (see ) : Nominative Definite Singular Dative Definite Singular an doras - the door tron doras - through the door an sgoilear - the pupil leis an sgoilear - with the pupil an taigh - the house aig an taigh - at the house
The definite article of dative nouns beginning with a vowel drop the t- of the nominative definite article. Combined forms of the definite article with the simple prepositions bho, de, do, fo, mu, ro and tro are maintained (see ) : Nominative Definite Singular Dative Definite Singular an t-òran - the song leis an òran - with the song an t-ùrlar - the floor fon ùrlar - under the floor
Dative nouns beginning with sl, sn, sr or s+vowel have t- added to the definite article. Combined forms of the definite article with the simple prepositions bho, de, do, fo, mu, ro and tro are maintained (see ) : Nominative Definite Singular Dative Definite Singular an seòl - the sail air an t-seòl - on the sail an seòmar - the room anns an t-seòmar - in the room an sneachd - the snow leis an t-sneachd - with the snow an saoghal - the world mun t-saoghal - about the world
Nouns beginning with b, f, m, p, c or g all lenite in the dative. Combined forms of the definite article with the simple prepositions bho, de, do, fo, mu, ro and tro are maintained (see ), but with all other simple prepositions the definite changes to a' except for nouns beginning with f : Nominative Definite Singular Dative Definite Singular am bòrd - the table air a' bhòrd - on the table fon bhòrd - under the table am feasgar - the evening anns an fheasgar - in the evening den fheasgar - of the evening am monadh - the moor air a' mhonadh - on the moor dhan mhonadh - to the moor am pàipear - the paper anns a' phàipear - in the paper bhon phàipear an cù - the dog air a' chù - on the dog mun chù - about the dog an gille - the boy ris a' ghille - to the boy ron ghille - before the boy
NEW WORDS
Adjectives bòidheach - beautiful brèagha - lovely ciùin - calm donn - brown luath - fast mall - slow stoirmeil - stormy uaine - green
Nouns achadh (m) - field allt (m) - burn (stream) aran (m) - bread baile (m) - town bainne (m) - milk bogsa (m) - box bòrd (m) - table cèilidh (m) - ceilidh cladach (m) - shore cnoc (m) - hill falt (m) - hair feasgar (m) - evening feur (m) - grass fiadh (m) - deer gleann (m) - glen gual (m) - coal iasg (m) - fish ìm (m) - butter monadh (m) - moor, mountain òran (m) - song pàipear (m) - paper ròn (m) -seal saoghal (m) - world seòl (m) - sail sgoilear (m) - pupil, scholar sneachd (m) - snow sruth (m) - stream uisge (m) -water ùrlar (m) - floor
EXERCISE 1 Translate into English 1.Tha caileag bhòidheach anns a' phàipear ann 2.Tha an cù donn beag ann fon bhòrd sin 3.An robh sibh air a' mhonadh? Bha 4.Tha an t-ìm air an aran glè mhath 5.Bha ròn ann air a' chladach 6.Tha an gleann sin brèagha air là ciùin 7.Bha e uabhasach stoirmeil anns an fheasgar 8.Chan eil uisge ann anns an t-sruth 9.Tha teine math teth ann bhon ghual seo 10.An robh e luath leis an t-seòl? 11.Bha sìth ann tron t-saoghal 12.Tha am bainne bhon fhiadh sin uabhasach math? 13.Nach eil aran ùr anns a' bhogsa ann? Tha 14.Bha an duine, leis a' chù, cho mall air a' chnoc 15.Tha taigh ann thairis air an t-sruth
EXERCISE 2 Translate into Gàidhlig 1.The dog is in the box under the table 2.There is (some) coal in the stream 3.Brown hair is very beautiful? 4.I was on the road to the town 5.A day on the moor is good for you(dhut) 6.The floor was wet with water 7.There is green grass in the field 8.The new house is near the fast burn 9.The shore is past the moor 10.Are they not going to the ceilidh in the town? No 11.There are no fish in the burn (There is not a fish in the burn) 12.The table in that room is very nice 13.There was water under the table 14.The boat was under sail 15.There was a seal in the water, and on the shore
ANSWERS EXERCISE 1 1.There is a beautiful girl in the paper 2.The small brown dog is under that table 3.Were you on the moor? Yes 4.The butter on the bread is very good 5.There was a seal on the shore 6.That glen is lovely on a calm day 7.It was really stormy in the evening 8.There is no water in the stream 9.There is a good hot fire from this coal 10.Was he quick with the sail? 11.There was peace through(out) the world 12.The milk from that deer is very good? 13.Isn't there fresh bread in the box? Yes 14.The man, with the dog, was so slow on the hill 15.There is a house there over the stream
ANSWERS EXERCISE 2 1.Tha an cù anns a' bhogsa fon bhòrd 2.Tha gual ann anns an t-sruth 3.Tha falt donn glè bhòidheach? 4.Bha mi air an rathad dhan bhaile 5.Tha là air a' mhonadh math dhut 6.Bha an làr fliuch le uisge 7.Tha feur gorm ann anns an achadh 8.Tha an taigh ùr faisg air an allt luath 9.Tha an cladach seachad air a' mhonadh 10.Nach eil iad a' dol dhan chèilidh anns a' bhaile? Chan eil 11.Chan eil iasg anns an allt ann 12.Tha am bòrd anns an t-seòmar sin glè shnog 13.Bha uisge ann fon bhòrd 14.Bha am bàta fo sheòl 15.Bha ròn ann anns an uisge, agus air a' chladach
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Post by wren on Nov 10, 2006 14:46:43 GMT -5
The Dative Singular Case of Feminine Nouns
Features in Common with the Nominative Singular Nouns The definite article and definite nouns are identical to nominative singular definite nouns (see ).
Features in Common with the Dative Singular Masculine Nouns Combined forms of the definite article with the simple prepositions ending in a vowel bho, de, do, fo, mu, ro and tro are identical to dative singular masculine nouns (see ).
Additional Features of Dative Singular Feminine Nouns Additionally, feminine dative singular nouns show a variety of internal modifications. These changes are the same for both definite and indefinite feminine singular nouns. The general principle is to make the final vowel of a word narrow, i.e. an i. This practice is known as slenderisation.
In spoken Gàidhlig the internal modifications of the dative singular are frequently not used; the nominative form sufficing, particularly when the noun is indefinite. However, they are used in formal speech and show less erosion in the written language.
To help you recognise the changes they are best placed into distinct types. The nominative definite singular noun is given as a reference point.
Type 1 In monosyllabic nouns a letter i is inserted after the last broad vowel after a change in the final broad vowel Most common changes are a >> oi and o >> ui : Nominative Definite Singular Dative Definite Singular Dative Indefinite Singular a' chas - the leg air a' chois - on the leg air cois - on a leg an long - the ship air an luing - on the ship air luing - on a ship
Type 2 In both mono- and polysyllabic nouns a letter i is inserted after the broad vowel a : Nominative Definite Singular Dative Definite Singular Dative Indefinite Singular an làmh - the hand air an làimh - on the hand air làimh - on a hand a' mharag - the pudding leis a' mharaig - with the pudding le maraig - with a pudding an tòn - the rump air an tòin - on the rump air tòin - on a rump
Type 3 In polysyllabic nouns the final vowel group ea will change to ei Most common change is the ending -eag >> -eig : Nominative Definite Singular Dative Definite Singular Dative Indefinite Singular a' chaileag - the girl aig a' chaileig - at the girl aig caileig - at a girl an uinneag - the window ris an uinneig - against the window ri uinneig - against a window
Type 4 The vowel group ea will change to i : Nominative Definite Singular Dative Definite Singular Dative Indefinite Singular a' chailleach - the old woman dhan chaillich - to the old woman do chaillich - to an old woman a' chearc - the hen fon chirc - under the hen fo chirc - under a hen
Type 5 In monosyllabic nouns the diphthong ia will change to èi : Nominative Definite Singular Dative Definite Singular Dative Indefinite Singular a' ghrian - the sun fon ghrèin - under the sun fo ghrèin - under a sun
Type 6 In monosyllabic nouns the diphthong ìo will change to i : Nominative Definite Singular Dative Definite Singular Dative Indefinite Singular a' chrìoch - the boundary aig a' chrìch - at the boundary aig crìch - at a boundary
Type 7 There is no change when the noun ends in a vowel or -chd, or if the last vowel is already an i : Nominative Definite Singular Dative Definite Singular Dative Indefinite Singular a' chaora - the sheep fon chaora - under the sheep fo chaora - under a sheep an naidheachd - the news leis an naidheachd - with the news le naidheachd - with news a' chèilidh - the ceilidh aig a' chèilidh - at the ceilidh aig chèilidh - at a ceilidh
In a very few cases the dative is irregular or shows no change : Nominative Definite Singular Dative Definite Singular Dative Indefinite Singular a' bhùth - the shop anns a' bhùth - in the shop ann am bùth - in a shop a' bhean - the wife leis a' mhnaoi - with the wife le mnaoi - with a wife
NEW WORDS
Adjectives dubh - black geal - white olc - evil sàbhailte - safe
Conjunctions oir - for, because
Nouns The datives are given in this lesson. For others see the Vocabulary section bùth (f) - shop cailleach, caillich (f) - old woman caora (f) - sheep cas, cois (f) - leg,foot cearc, circ (f) - hen, chicken cèilidh (f) - ceilidh crìoch, crìch (f) - end, boundary feannag, feannaig (f) - crow fearg, feirg (f) - anger Gàdhlig (f) - Gàidhlig language grian, grèin (f) - sun làmh, làimh (f) - hand madainn (f) - morning muir (f) - sea naidheachd (f) - news poit (f) - pot sgeulachd (f) - story, tale slat, slait (f) - rod, wand sgiath, sgèith (f) - wing, shield sràid (f) - street tòn, tòin (f) - rump, backside ùine (f) - time, spell uinneag, uinneig (f) - window
EXERCISE 1 Translate into English (In brackets are common spoken forms. These should not be written) 1.Tha an litir seo dhan chaillich (dhan chailleach) 2.Bha a' ghrian blàth anns a' mhadainn 3.Nach robh iad aig a' mhuir tron oidhche? Bha 4.Bha i anns an leabaidh tron mhadainn 5.Bha sgeul mun chaileig (mun chaileag) sin anns an naidheachd 6.Tha a' Ghàidhlig glè inntinneach, nach eil? 7.Bha sgeulachd inntinneach anns an litir 8.Tha an nighean ris an uinneig (ris an uinneag) oir tha a' ghrian blàth 9.Bha slat fhada ùr ann anns a' bhùth 10.Tha bùth ùr ann air an t-sràid sin 11.Nach robh iad ùine fhada anns a' bhaile 12.Tha an sgeulachd ghoirid seo anns a' Ghàidhlig 13.Bha an cù donn air an fheur ris a' ghrèin (ris a' ghrian) 14.Bha sgiath dhonn air a' chirc (air a' chearc)
EXERCISE 2 Translate into Gàidhlig 1.The old woman was in the shop in the morning 2.She was at the shop along with the girl 3.The girl was safe under the shield 4.The evil hand was on the wand 5.I wasn't at the window in the morning 6.He was in bed through the night 7.He was red with anger 8.The chicken is in the pot 9.The black sheep (sing.) is very hot under the sun 10.Weren't you at the ceilidh? Yes, I was there a short spell 11.The dog was near the girl 12.Crows are black, but there is a white wing on that crow 13.The girl is wet because she was in the sea 14.The story was terrible at the end
ANSWERS EXERCISE 1 1.This letter is for the old woman 2.The sun was warm in the morning 3.Were they not at (the) sea through the night? Yes 4.She was in (the) bed during (through) the morning 5.There was a story about that girl in the news 6.Gàidhlig is very interesting, isn't it? 7.There was an interesting story in the letter 8.The girl is at the window because the sun is warm 9.There was new long (fishing) rod in the shop 10.There is a new shop on that street 11.Weren't they a long time in (the) town? 12.This short story is in Gàidhlig 13.The brown dog on the grass was (exposed) to the sun 1 4.The hen had a brown wing (lit. There was a brown wing on the hen)
ANSWERS EXERCISE 2 (In brackets are common spoken forms. These should not be written) 1.Bha a' chailleach anns a' bhùth anns a' mhadainn 2.Bha i aig a' bhùth còmhla ris a' chaileig (ris a' chaileag) 3.Bha a' chaileag sàbhailte fon sgèith (fon sgiath) 4.Bha an làmh olc air an t-slait (air an t-slat) 5.Cha robh mi aig an uinneig (aig an uinneag) anns a' mhadainn 6.Bha e anns an leabaidh tron oidhche 7.Bha e dearg le feirg (le fearg) 8.Tha a' chearc anns a' phoit 9.Tha a' chaora dhubh glè theth fon ghrèin (fon ghrian) 10.Nach robh thu ann aig a' chèilidh? Bha, bha mi ann ùine ghoirid 11.Bha an cù faisg air a' chaileig (air a' chaileag) 12.Tha feannagan dubh, ach tha sgiath gheal air an fheannaig sin (air an fheannag sin) 13.Tha an nighean fliuch oir bha i anns a' mhuir 14.Bha an sgeulachd uabhasach aig a' chrìch (aig a' chrìoch)
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Post by wren on Nov 10, 2006 14:48:27 GMT -5
Verbal Nouns, the Present Participle, and the Infinitive
Verbal Nouns Verbal nouns, like other nouns, are either masculine or feminine (although the vast majority are masculine). Here are some basic guidelines to gender of verbal nouns : Masculine the word ends in -adh (the most common ending) sgrìobhadh - writing the last vowel is broad i.e. either a, o or u ceannach - buying Feminine the word ends in -achd coiseachd - walking the last vowel is narrow i.e. either e or i seinn - singing
The verbal nouns are used in the same way as they are in English : anns an sgrìobhadh - in the writing seinn mhath - good singing le coiseachd - by walking
The Present Participle The present participle is formed from the verbal noun by adding either ag or a'. ag is placed before a verbal noun beginning with a vowel, and a' in all other cases. The present participle is used in much the same way as in English to convey a continuous action in the present tense : Tha mi ag obair - I am working A bheil sibh a' cluich? - Are you playing? Chan eil e a' sgrìobhadh - He isn't writing Bha iad a' fuireach - The were staying An robh iad a' seinn - Were they singing? Cha robh mi ag ithe - I wasn't eating
In spoken Gàidhlig the a in a' and ag is hardly pronounced, particularly if the preceding word ends in a vowel : Written Pronounced Tha e ag iarraidh Tha e kiarraidh Tha mi a' coiseachd Tha mi coiseachd
Using the present participle and the past tense of the verb To Be conveys a continuous action in the past : Bha mi a' seinn - I was singing An robh e ag òl? - Was he drinking? Cha robh iad a' dol - They were not going
There are a number of common Present Participles that do not always express continuous actions : Present Participles Action ag iarraidh - wanting Tha mi ag iarraidh airgead - I want some money Bha mi ag iarraidh airgead - I wanted some money ag obair - working Tha mi ag obair ann am banca - I am working in a bank / I work in a bank Bha mi ag obair ann am banca - I was working in a bank / I worked in a bank a' creidsinn - believing Tha mi a' creidsinn sin - I believe that Bha mi a' creidsinn sin - I believed that a' smaointinn - thinking Tha e a' smaointinn - He is thinking / He thinks Bha e a' smaointinn - He was thinking / He thought a' ciallachadh - meaning Tha e a' ciallachadh - It means Bha e a' ciallachadh - It meant
Infinitives The infinitive is formed from the verbal noun preceded by a. This a is the remains of the preposition do (meaning to) and like do will lenite an initial consonant whenever possible : a bhith - to be a dhol - to go a chluiche - to play a sheinn - to sing a thogail - to build, to lift lenition of initial consonant after the preposition a a dh'fhuireach - to stay a dh'ithe - to eat a dh'òl - to drink lenited fh is silent and like verbal nouns beginning with a vowel lenition is marked by adding dh' immediately after the preposition a a leughadh - to read a nighe - to wash a ruith - to run a sgrìobhadh - to write verbal nouns beginning with l, n, r, sg, sm, sp or st cannot be lenited in writing
As in English it is possible to convey the future tense by using the verbal noun a' dol - going followed by an infinitive : Tha mi a' dol - I am going Tha mi a' dol a sheinn aig a' chèilidh - I am going to sing at the ceilidh Tha mi a' dol a cheannach leabhar - I am going to buy a book Tha mi a' dol a dh'fhaicinn an duine - I am going to see the man
The present participle iarraidh is followed by the verbal noun. Three exceptions to this rule are with a thighinn - to come, a dhol - to go and a bhith - to be : Tha mi ag iarraidh coiseachd air an fheur - I want to walk on the grass Tha i ag iarraidh a dhol dhan phàirc - She wants to go to the park Tha e ag iarraidh a thighinn dhachaigh - He wants to come home Tha iad ag iarraidh a bhith trang - They want to be busy
NEW WORDS
Conjunctions no - or
Nouns airgead (m) - money, silver banca (m) - bank òrd (m) - hammer talla (m) - hall pàirc (f) - park
Placenames Dun Deagh - Dundee Obar Dheathain - Aberdeen Peairt - Perth Portrìgh - Portree Struighle - Stirling Tairbeart - Tarbert
Verbs The first element is the verb root (equivalent to the second person imperative) followed by the verbal noun bruidhinn, bruidhinn (ri) - speak (to) buail, bualadh - strike ceannaich, ceannach (do) - buy (for) cluich, cluiche - play coisich, coiseachd - walk cuir, cur - put, place fàg, fàgail - leave faic, faicinn - see fuirich, fuireach (ri) - stay, wait (for) iarr, iarraidh (air) - want, ask (for) iasgaich, iasgach - fish ionnsaich, ionnsachadh - learn ith, ithe - eat leugh, leughadh (ri) - read (to) leum, leum - jump, leap obraich, obair - work, operate òl, òl - drink rach, dol - go ruith, ruith - run seinn, seinn - sing sgrìobh, sgrìobhadh (gu) - write (to) till, tilleadh - return tog, togail - build , lift tòisich, tòiseachadh (ri) - start, begin (to)
EXERCISE 1 Translate into English 1.An robh sibh ag iarraidh seinn aig a' chèilidh? Bha 2.Bha a' chaileag a' cluich leis a' chù 3.Chan eil iad a' fuireach ann an Struighle 4.Tha mi a' leughadh pàipear aig an uinneig 5.Chan eil iad a' tilleadh gus a' mhadainn 6.A bheil sinn a' dol dhan talla? Tha 7.Bha an gille ag iasgach aig a' mhuir 8.Nach robh thu a' ruith air an rathad? Cha robh 9.Nach eil i ag obair aig an taigh? 10.Tha i ag iarraidh sgrìobhadh gun fhear sin 11.Tha mi ag iarraidh a dhol gu Dun Deagh 12.Tha iad a' cur iasg ann an uisge 13.Bha iad ag ithe mun bhòrd 14.Tha Màiri a' dol a dh'ithe anns an taigh-òsta
EXERCISE 2 Translate into Gàidhlig 1.He was speaking to (ri) Calum 2.The car is not starting 3.He was learning Gàidhlig 4.I want to go to the park with the dog 5.Do you want to return to the beginning 6.The bad boy was running in (air) the street 7.Was it wet or dry on the moor? It was wet and cold 8.They stay in Perth, but they are from (à) Portree 9.I am going to buy a new book with the money 10.He was striking with the hammer 11.I am going to leave Tarbert because I am going to Aberdeen 12.The fish (na h-èisg) were leaping out of (a-mach às) the water
ANSWERS EXERCISE 1 1.Were you wanting to sing at the ceilidh? Yes 2.The girl was playing with the dog 3.They don't live (stay) in Stirling 4.I am reading a paper at the window 5.They aren't returning until (the) morning 6.Are we going to the hall? Yes 7.The boy was fishing at (the) sea 8.Were you not running on the road? No 9.Is she not working at home (the house)? 10.She wants to write to that man 11.I want to go to Dundee 12.They are putting a fish in water 13.They were eating around (about) the table 14.Màiri is going to eat in the hotel
ANSWERS EXERCISE 2 1.Bha e a' bruidhinn ri Calum 2.Chan eil an càr a' tòiseachadh 3.Bha e ag ionnsachadh Gàidhlig 4.Tha mi ag iarraidh a dhol dhan phàirc leis a' chù 5.A bheil sibh ag iarraidh tilleadh dhan tòiseachadh 6.Bha am balach dona a' ruith air an t-sràid 7.An robh e fliuch no tioram air a' mhonadh? Bha e fliuch agus fuar 8.Tha iad a' fuireach ann am Peairt, ach tha iad à Portrìgh 9.Tha mi a' dol a cheannach leabhar ùr leis an airgead 10.Bha e a' bualadh leis an òrd 11.Tha mi a' dol a dh'fhàgail Tairbeart oir tha mi a' dol gu Obar Dheathain 12.Bha na h-èisg a' leum a-mach às an uisge
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Post by wren on Feb 7, 2007 18:07:23 GMT -5
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Post by Der Trommler on Feb 10, 2007 22:17:13 GMT -5
Comparison of Scottish and Irish Gaelic English Gàidhlig Gaeilge ------- -------- -------
I am Tha mi Tá mé You are Tha thu Tá tú He (or it) is Tha e Tá sé She (or it) is Tha i Tá sí We are Tha sinn Tá muid (or Táimid) (or Tá sinn) You are Tha sibh Tá sibh They are Tha iad Tá siad
I am not Chan eil mi Níl mé Are you? A' bheil thu? An bhfuil tú? Aren't you? Nach eil thu? Nach bhfuil tú? I am (habitual) Bidh mi Bím You are (hab.) Bidh thu Bíonn tú
I will be Bidh mi Beidh mé I won't be Cha bhi mi Ní bheidh mé Will you be? Am bi thu? An mbeidh tú? Won't you be? Nach bi thu? Nach mbeidh tú?
I was Bha mi Bhí mé I was not Cha robh mi Ní raibh mé Were you? An robh thu? An raibh tú? Weren't you? Nach robh thu? Nach raibh tú?
I would be Bhithinn Bheinn You would be Bhiodh tu Bheadh tú
I am drinking Tha mi ag òl Tá mé ag ól I drink (hab.) Bidh mi ag òl Ólaim He drinks (hab.)Bidh e ag òl Ólann sé
I am going Tha mi a' dol Tá mé ag dul I go (hab.) Bidh mi a' dol Téim You go (hab.) Bidh thu a' dol Téann tú
Eclipsis: Impossible looking combinations of consonants at the beginning of Irish Gaelic words (mb, gc, nd, bhf, ng, bp, dt) strike terror in Scottish Gaelic speakers, but they are really very simple. They just mean that the preceding word historically used to end in an n or m, which often survives in the Scottish Gaelic spelling, but in Irish Gaelic only only survives as a modified pronounciation of the first letter of the following word. To get at the basic dictionary headword, just strip off the initial consonant. e.g.:
Latha nam pàistean Lá na bpáistí (look up "páiste") Tha fhios agam gum bi e ann. Tá fhios agam gu mbeidh sé ann. Pàirc nan caoraich Páirc na gcaorach (look up "caorach") nam biodh airgead agam dá mbeadh airgead agam
The spelling revision in Irish Gaelic about 40 years ago did away with a lot of letters in the middle or at the ends of words which were no longer pronounced. They may or may not be still pronounced in Scottish Gaelic. e.g.:
saoghal saol ceartachadh ceartú
If you can't find an Irish Gaelic word in a Scottish Gaelic dictionary, try changing unvoiced consonants (c p t) to the corresponding voiced consonant g b d (which may actually be pronounced unvoiced in Scottish Gaelic too), and try changing unstressed a or o to u. e.g.:
sgian scian sgoil scoil uisge uisce agad agat comunn comann gu go
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Post by Der Trommler on Feb 18, 2007 12:05:56 GMT -5
to hear: www.taic.btinternet.co.uk/leasan9.htm
The Future Tense of the Verb TO BE
The independent form of the future tense of the verb to be is Bidh (or Bithidh for more emphatic usage) and the dependent is Bi (or Bith for more emphatic usage). As with the present and past tenses (and ) these are used with the dependent particles Cha, Am and Nach to provide the four forms of the verb : Bidh - for positive statements Bidh e fuar - It will be cold Bidh tu fuar † - You will be cold Cha bhi - for negative statements * Cha bhi e fuar - It will not be cold Am bi? - for asking a question (interrogative) Am bi e fuar? - Will it be cold? Nach bi? - for a negative question (negative interrogative) Nach bi e fuar? - Will it not be cold?
* Note that Cha always lenites the following word if possible, thus Cha bhi † The second person singular becomes tu after the regular future tense ending -idh. This rule is often broken when using the short form of the verb To Be, so Bidh thu is often found
Saying Yes and No The pattern is the same for the present and past tenses. You need to use the positive or negative forms of the verb in the future tense : Am bi thu a' dol dhan chèilidh? - Will you be going to the ceilidh? Bidh - Yes Cha bhi - No
Repeated Present and Continuous Future Tenses The Future Tense of the verb To Be with a present participle conveys either a continuous future action or a repeated present action. The meaning is understood from the context : Bidh mi ag èisteachd ris an rèidio feasgar - I will be listening to the radio in the evening Bidh mi ag èisteachd ris an rèidio feasgar - I (usually) listen to the radio in the evening Bidh mi ag èirigh aig seachd uairean - I will be getting up at seven o'clock Bidh mi ag èirigh aig seachd uairean - I (habitually) get up at seven o'clock
NEW WORDS
Adjectives gach - each
Nouns Là na Sàbaid (m) - The Sabbath meadhan (m) - middle, mid meadhan-là (m) - mid-day meadhan-oidhche (m) - midnight
Pronouns thusa - emphatic form of thu -you
Verbs èirich, èirigh - arise, get up èist, èisteachd (ri) - listen (to)
EXERCISE 1 Translate into English 1.Bidh mi a' dol dhan chèilidh. Am bi thusa? 2.Cha bhi an cù a' fuireach anns an taigh 3.Nach bi iad a' seinn anns a' bhaile? Bidh 4.Am bi thu ag obair anns a' bhùth? Cha bhi 5.Bidh sinn a' dol a dh'iasgach air an loch 6.Cha bhi an gille a' dol dhan eaglais Là na Sàbaid
EXERCISE 2 Translate into Gàidhlig 1.I go to bed (to the bed) at midnight 2.I shall be staying at home on Sunday 3.We shall be buying that house 4.Do you go to the park every evening? Yes 5.He will not be playing at the ceilidh 6.Will they not be staying until the morning?
ANSWERS EXERCISE 1 1.I'll be going to the ceilidh. Will you? 2.The dog won't be staying in the house 3.Won't they be singing in (the) town? Yes 4.Will you be working in the shop? No 5.We'll be going fishing on the loch 6.The boy won't be going to church on Sunday
ANSWERS EXERCISE 2 1.Bidh mi a' dol dhan leabaidh aig meadhan-oidhche 2.Bidh mi a' fuireach aig an taigh Là na Sàbaid 3.Bidh sinn a' ceannach an taigh sin 4.Am bi sibh a' dol dhan phàirc gach feasgar? Bidh 5.Cha bhi e a' cluich aig a' chèilidh 6.Nach bi iad a' fuireach gus a' mhadainn?
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Post by Der Trommler on Mar 12, 2007 7:39:59 GMT -5
More Adverbs
The simplest way to form an adverb is by placing the word gu before an adjective : luath - quick Bha e a' ruith gu luath - He was running quickly math - good A bheil thu gu math? - Are you well? slaodach - slow Bha iad a' coiseachd gu slaodach - They were walking slowly
But many adverbs are not derived from adjectives : Bidh mi aig an sgoil a-màireach - I will be at school tomorrow Bha e a' dol dhachaigh - He was going home(ward)
Adverbs are best placed into distinct categories Adverbs of Manner : mar seo - thus, so Bidh e ag obair mar seo - It works like this slaodach - slow Bha iad a' coiseachd gu slaodach - They were walking slowly
Adverbs of Place : an siud - yonder Tha i a' fuireach an siud - She lives over there
Adverbs of Time : an-dràsta - just now Tha i a' dol dhan bhùth an-dràsta - She is going to the shop just now
The word fìor - true can precede adjectives in the same way as cho, glè and ro (see ) and except for cho they all lenite the adjective whenever possible : fìor - true Tha e ag obair fìor mhath - He is working extremely well cho - so Chan eil e a' dèanamh cho math - He is not doing so well glè - very Tha mi glè mhath - I am very well ro - too, excessively Bha i ag obair ro chruaidh - She was working too hard cho - so Bha iad a' ruith cho slaodach - They were running so slowly
NEW WORDS
Adjectives cruaidh - hard deanadach - diligent, industrious, hard-working fìor - true luath - fast, quick slaodach - slow uile - all
Adverbs air fad - altogether, wholly, entirely air leth - separately gu dearbh - indeed gu lèir - entirely gu leòr - enough idir - at all chèile - one another, together mar seo - like this, thus mar sin - like that, thus ma-tà, ma-thà - then dhachaigh - home(ward) sìos - down(wards) shìos - down (in position) a-nìos - up (from below) a-nuas - down (from above) suas - up(wards) shuas - up(in position) an seo - here an sin - there an siud - yonder thall - over there an siud 's an seo - here and there thall 's a-bhos - here and there a-steach - in (motion) a-staigh - inside a-mach - out (motion) a-muigh - outside a dh'aithghearr - soon a-màireach - tomorrow am-bliadhna - this year an-dràsta - just now an-dè - yesterday a-nis - now a-nochd - tonight a-raoir - last night an-uiridh - last year a-rithist - again chaoidh / a-chaoidh - ever (future tense) cheana - already daonnan - always fhathast - still, yet gu bràth - forever mar thà - already riamh / a-riamh - ever (past & perfect tenses) roimhe - before, previously
EXERCISE 1 Translate into English 1.Tha e daonnan aig an sgoil, ach chan eil e ag obair gu math 2.Cha robh mi a-riamh toilichte ag obair aig muir 3.Bha e shuas anns an leabaidh 4.Gàidhlig gu bràth 5.Anns a' madainn an-diugh bha iad anns a' phàirc 6.Bha mi anns a' bhaile an-dè. A-màireach bidh mi a' dol dhan eaglais 7.Tha mi a' dol dhachaigh a-nis 8.Bidh sinn aig an taigh a-nochd 9.A bheil sibh fhathast sgìth? Tha gu dearbh 10.Nach eil iad daonnan trang? 11.An-uiridh bha sinn ann an Inbhir Nis, am-bliadhna bidh sinn ann am Portrìgh. 12.Nach eil Màiri agus Calum a' bruidhinn ri chèile? 13.A bheil i a' fuireach còmhla ri Seumas? Chan eil idir, tha iad a' fuireach air leth 14.Am bi thu a' dol sìos an t-sràid? Bidh an dràsta
EXERCISE 2 Translate into Gàidhlig 1.Were you ever in Glasgow? Yes 2.You will never work in this town 3.They are working together well enough 4.I stay here, Mòrag stays there, and Niall stays over yonder 5.I am going out to a ceilidh. Are you? No, I'm staying in 6.We were working there before 7.There was a man working over there yesterday 8.He will be running over the moor tomorrow 9.They were all together here yesterday 10.Are you going fishing (to fish) then? No I was fishing this morning already 11.The girl was playing outside on the street 12.Were you out running last night? Yes 13.He was walking home from the ceilidh 14.She was forever eating
ANSWERS EXERCISE 1 1.He is always at (the) school, but he is not working well 2.I was never happy working at sea 3.He was up in (the) bed 4.Gàidhlig for ever 5.This morning they were in the park 6.I was in (the) town yesterday. Tomorrow I will be going to (the) church 7.I am going home now 8.We will be home (at the house) tonight 9.Are you still tired? Yes indeed 10.Are they not always busy? 11.Last year we were in Inverness, this year we will be in Portree 12.Are Màiri and Calum not speaking to one another? 13.Does she stay with Seumas? Not at all, they stay apart 14.Will you be going down the street? Yes just now
ANSWERS EXERCISE 2 1.An robh thu a-riamh ann an Glaschu? Bha 2.Cha bhi thu ag obair a chaoidh anns a' bhaile seo 3.Tha iad ag obair còmhla math gu leòr 4.Tha mi a' fuireach an seo, tha Mòrag a' fuireach an sin, agus tha Niall a' fuireach an siud thall 5.Tha mi a' dol gu cèilidh. A bheil thusa? Chan eil, Tha mi a' fuireach a-staigh 6.Bha sinn ag obair an sin roimhe 7.Bha fear ag obair thall an sin an-dè 8.Bidh e a' ruith thairis air a' mhonadh a-màireach 9.Bha iad uile còmhla an seo an-dè 10.A bheil thu a' dol a dh'iasgach ma-tà? Chan eil, bha mi ag iasgach madainn an-diugh cheana 11.Bha an nighean a' cluich a-muigh air an t-sràid 12.An robh thu a-muigh a' ruith a-raoir. Bha 13.Bha e a' coiseachd dhachaigh bhon chèilidh 14.Bha i a-riamh ag ithe
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Post by Der Trommler on Mar 19, 2007 7:42:09 GMT -5
The Conditional Tense of the Verb TO BE
The independent form of the verb is Bhiodh (or Bhitheadh for more emphatic usage), and the dependent form Biodh (or Bitheadh for more emphatic usage). As with the other tenses the dependent forms are used with the dependent particles Cha, Am and Nach to provide the four forms of the verb. There are, however separate forms for the 1st person singular - Bhithinn, and 1st person plural Bhiomaid† (or Bhitheamaid for more emphatic usage) : Bhithinn / Bhiodh / Bhiomaid - for positive statements Bhithinn fuar - I would be cold Bhiodh tu ‡ / e / i / sibh / iad fuar - You / he / she / you / they would be cold Bhiomaid fuar - We would be cold Cha bhithinn / Cha bhiodh / Cha bhiomaid - for negative statements § Cha bhithinn fuar - I would not be cold Cha bhiodh tu / e / i / sibh / iad fuar - You / he / she / you / they would not be cold Cha bhiomaid fuar - We would not be cold Am bithinn? / Am biodh? / Am biomaid? - for asking a question (interrogative) Am bithinn fuar? - Would I be cold? Am biodh tu / e / i / sibh / iad fuar? - Would you / he / she / you / they be cold? Am biomaid fuar - Would we be cold? Nach bithinn? / Nach biodh? / Nach biomaid? - for a negative question (negative interrogative) Nach bithinn fuar? - Would I not be cold? Nach biodh tu / e / i / sibh / iad fuar? - Would you / he / she / you / they not be cold? Nach biomaid fuar - Would we not be cold?
† This form is becoming less common, and particularly in spoken Gàidhlig is being replaced by the more regular Bhiodh sinn etc ‡ The second person singular thu changes to tu in the conditional tense § Note that Cha always lenites the following word if possible, thus Cha bhithinn / Cha bhiodh / Cha bhiomaid
Saying Yes and No The pattern is the same as the other tenses you have met. You need to use the positive or negative forms of the verb in the conditional tense : Am biodh tu toilichte le sin? - Would you be happy with that? Bhiodh - Yes Cha bhiodh - No
Repeated Past and Continuous Conditional Tenses The conditional tense of the verb To Be with a present participle conveys either a continuous conditional action or a repeated past action. The meaning is understood from the context : Bhithinn ag obair anns an sgoil - I would be working in the school Bhithinn ag obair a h-uile là - I (usually) worked every day Cha bhiodh iad a' dol dhan sgoil - They wouldn't be going to school Cha bhiodh iad a' dol dhan sgoil a h-uile là - They (usually) didn't go to school every day
NEW WORDS
Adjectives a h-uile - every (before noun) cinnteach - certain cofhartail - comfortable sona - happy
Nouns àm (m) - occasion, time balla (m) - wall bodach (m) - old man cat (m) - cat càise (m) - cheese còta (m) -coat crodh (m) - cattle gual (m) - coal preas (m) - cupboard, press solas (m) - light cathair (f) - chair
EXERCISE 1 Translate into English 1.Bhithinn a' dol dhan chèilidh a-màireach 2.Cha bhiodh iad a' dol dhan bhaile idir 3.Bhiodh an cat daonnan aig an teine 4.Am biodh e ag obair air a' bhàta? Bhiodh 5.Cha bhithinn uabhasach toilichte 6.Nach biodh iad sona a' cluich air a' chladach? 7.Bhiodh ìm ann air a' bhòrd agus càise anns a' phreas 8.Bhiodh an crodh air a' mhonadh aig an àm sin
EXERCISE 2 Translate into Gàidhlig 1.There would be coal on the fire and a light in the room 2.I would be cold outside without a coat 3.It would be nice (good) and warm at the fire 4.He would not be long running up the street 5.Wouldn't they be singing in the hall tonight? No 6.We would certainly be returning to the hotel 7.It would be dry and warm in the morning 8.I would not be comfortable in that chair
ANSWERS EXERCISE 1 1.I would be going to the ceilidh tomorrow 2.They wouldn't be going to (the) town at all 3.The cat would forever (always) be at the fire 4.Would he be working on the boat? Yes 5.I wouldn't be terribly pleased 6.Would they not be happy playing on the shore? 7.There would be butter on the table and cheese in the cupboard 8.The cattle would be on the moor at that time
ANSWERS EXERCISE 2 1.Bhiodh gual ann air an teine agus solas ann anns an rùm 2.Bhithinn fuar a-muigh gun chòta 3.Bhiodh e math agus blàth aig an teine 4.Cha bhiodh e fada a' ruith suas an t-sràid 5.Nach biodh iad a' seinn anns an talla a-nochd? Cha bhiodh 6.Bhiodh sinn gu cinnteach a' tilleadh dhan taigh-òsta 7.Bhiodh e tioram agus blàth anns a' mhadainn 8.Cha bhithinn cofhartail anns a' chathair sin
dm©lelland - Faodar na leasanan seo ath-riochdachadh le aithneachadh dhan ùghdar dm©lelland - These lessons may be reproduced with credit to the author
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